Family Vulnerability Scale: validity evidence in primary health care.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate evidence of validity of the Family Vulnerability Scale (EVFAM-BR) as an instrument to support population-based management in primary health care (PHC), in the scope of Health Care Planning (PAS). METHODS: This is a psychometric study to assess any additional evidence of the internal structure of EVFAM-BR using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and network analysis (NA). A preliminary version of the scale with 38 items was submitted to patients of PHC facilities that use the PAS methodology, distributed across the five regions of Brazil. For the primary CFA data, factor loadings and predictive power (R2) of the item were used. Seven model adjustment indices were adopted and reliability was measured by three indicators, using Bayesian estimation. RESULTS: The preliminary version of the scale was applied to 1,255 patients. Using the AFC, factor loadings ranged from 0.66 to 0.90 and R2 from 0.44 to 0.81. Both the primary indicators and the model adequacy indices presented satisfactory and consistent levels. According to the NA, the items were appropriately associated with their peers, respecting the established dimensions, thus demonstrating sustainability and stability of the proposed model. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence of validity presented by EVFAM-BR indicates, for the first time in Brazil, a concise instrument that is able to assertively measure family vulnerability, potentially supporting population-based management.

Family vulnerability scale: Evidence of content and internal structure validity.

INTRODUCTION: Territory view based on families' vulnerability strata allows identifying different health needs that can guide healthcare at primary care scope. Despite the availability of tools designed to measure family vulnerability, there is still a need for substantial validity evidence, which limits the use of these tools in a country showing multiple socioeconomic and cultural realities, such as Brazil. The primary objective of this study is to develop and gather evidence on the validity of the Family Vulnerability Scale for Brazil, commonly referred to as EVFAM-BR (in Portuguese). METHODS: Items were generated through exploratory qualitative study carried out by 123 health care professionals. The data collected supported the creation of 92 initial items, which were then evaluated by a panel of multi-regional and multi-disciplinary experts (n = 73) to calculate the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). This evaluation process resulted in a refined version of the scale, consisting of 38 items. Next, the scale was applied to 1,255 individuals to test the internal-structure validity by using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Dimensionality was evaluated using Robust Parallel Analysis, and the model underwent cross-validation to determine the final version of EVFAM-BR. RESULTS: This final version consists of 14 items that are categorized into four dimensions, accounting for an explained variance of 79.02%. All indicators were within adequate and satisfactory limits, without any cross-loading or Heywood Case issues. Reliability indices also reached adequate levels (α = 0.71; ω = 0.70; glb = 0.83 and ORION ranging from 0.80 to 0.93, between domains). The instrument scores underwent a normalization process, revealing three distinct vulnerability strata: low (0 to 4), moderate (5 to 6), and high (7 to 14). CONCLUSION: The scale exhibited satisfactory validity evidence, demonstrating consistency, reliability, and robustness. It resulted in a concise instrument that effectively measures and distinguishes levels of family vulnerability within the primary care setting in Brazil.

Profile of the cohort of people being treated for HIV infection in the SUS, Brazil, 2015-2018.

OBJECTIVE: To build an integrated database of individual and service data from the cohort of people who started antiretroviral therapy (ART), from 2015 to 2018, in Brazil. METHODS: Open cohort study that includes people aged 15 years or older who started ART from 2015 to 2018, with follow-up in services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey. The source of individual data was the related HIV database, derived from the probabilistic linkage between data from the SUS systems of diagnostic information, medication, tests, and deaths. The data source for the services was the services' response database to the Qualiaids survey. After analysis of consistency and exclusions, the database of individuals was deterministically related to the database of services. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 132,540 people monitored in 941 SUS services. Of these services, 59% are located in the Southeast region and 49% followed 51 to 500 cohort participants. The average performance of organization and management of patient care ranged from 29% to 75%. Most of the cohort participants are male, black and mixed, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and have between 4 and 11 years of schooling. Median baseline T-CD4 was 419 cells/mm3, 6% had an episode of tuberculosis, and 2% died of HIV disease. CONCLUSION: For the first time in Brazil, this cohort provides the opportunity for a joint analysis of individual factors and services in the production of positive and negative clinical outcomes of HIV treatment.

Profile of the cohort of people being treated for HIV infection in the SUS, Brazil, 2015-2018 / Perfil da coorte de pessoas em tratamento da infecção por HIV no SUS, Brasil, 2015-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To build an integrated database of individual and service data from the cohort of people who started antiretroviral therapy (ART), from 2015 to 2018, in Brazil. METHODS Open cohort study that includes people aged 15 years or older who started ART from 2015 to 2018, with follow-up in services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey. The source of individual data was the related HIV database, derived from the probabilistic linkage between data from the SUS systems of diagnostic information, medication, tests, and deaths. The data source for the services was the services' response database to the Qualiaids survey. After analysis of consistency and exclusions, the database of individuals was deterministically related to the database of services. RESULTS The cohort comprised 132,540 people monitored in 941 SUS services. Of these services, 59% are located in the Southeast region and 49% followed 51 to 500 cohort participants. The average performance of organization and management of patient care ranged from 29% to 75%. Most of the cohort participants are male, black and mixed, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and have between 4 and 11 years of schooling. Median baseline T-CD4 was 419 cells/mm3, 6% had an episode of tuberculosis, and 2% died of HIV disease. CONCLUSION For the first time in Brazil, this cohort provides the opportunity for a joint analysis of individual factors and services in the production of positive and negative clinical outcomes of HIV treatment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Construir uma base integrada de dados individuais e dos serviços da coorte de pessoas que iniciaram terapia antirretroviral (TARV) entre 2015 e 2018 no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte aberta que incluiu pessoas de 15 anos ou mais que iniciaram TARV entre 2015 e 2018, com acompanhamento em serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), e que responderam ao inquérito nacional Qualiaids de 2016/2017. A fonte de dados individuais foi o banco relacionado do HIV, proveniente do relacionamento probabilístico entre dados dos sistemas de informação de diagnóstico, medicação, exames e óbitos do SUS. A fonte de dados dos serviços foi o banco de respostas dos serviços ao inquérito Qualiaids. Após análise de consistência e exclusões, o banco dos indivíduos foi relacionado deterministicamente com o banco de serviços. RESULTADOS A coorte reuniu 132.540 pessoas acompanhadas em 941 serviços do SUS. Desses serviços, 59% localizam-se na região Sudeste e 49% acompanharam 51 a 500 participantes da coorte. O desempenho médio de organização e gerência da assistência ao paciente variou de 29% a 75%. A maioria dos participantes da coorte é do sexo masculino, preto e pardo, com idade entre 20 e 39 anos e tem entre 4 e 11 anos de escolaridade. O T-CD4 mediano basal foi de 419 células/mm3, 6% tiveram episódio de tuberculose e 2% foram a óbito por doença do HIV. CONCLUSÃO A coorte oportuniza pela primeira vez no Brasil a análise conjunta de fatores individuais e dos serviços na produção dos desfechos clínicos positivos e negativos do tratamento do HIV.

Diagnosis of vaccination rooms in Brazilian primary health care centers taking part in the PlanificaSUS project, 2019. / Diagnóstico das salas de vacinação em unidades básicas de saúde brasileiras participantes do projeto PlanificaSUS, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnosis of vaccination rooms in primary healthcare centers in Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data of convenience sampling comprised of 25 rooms. Results of a checklist adapted from the Vaccine Room Supervision Tool of the National Immunization Program in 2019 regarding the dimensions 'general organization', 'general aspects', 'technical procedures', 'cold chain', 'information system', 'adverse events following vaccination', 'special immunobiological agents', 'epidemiological surveillance' and 'health education', were used. Percentages of scores, both overall and by dimensions were described in median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. RESULTS: The overall median was 77.1%, higher for 'health education' (100.0%) and 'cold chain' (86.7%), and lower for 'special immunobiological agents' (50.0%) and 'general organization' (58.3%). CONCLUSION: Using the checklist enabled the diagnosis in different macro-regions, inter- and intra-regional differences were found in the dimensions, and positive results and opportunities for improvement in the general plan.

Diagnosis of vaccination rooms in Brazilian primary health care units participating in the PlanificaSUS project, 2019 / Diagnóstico de salas de vacunación en unidades básicas de salud brasileñas participantes del proyecto PlanificaSUS, 2019 / Diagnóstico das salas de vacinação em unidades básicas de saúde brasileiras participantes do projeto PlanificaSUS, 2019

Objective: To describe the diagnosis of vaccination rooms in basic health units in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with secondary data from a convenience sample from 25 rooms. Checklist results adapted from the Vaccination Room Supervision Instrument of the National Immunization Program in 2019 was used, presenting dimensions: General Organization, General Aspects, Technical Procedures, Refrigeration, Information System, Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI), Special Immunobiologicals, Epidemiological Surveillance and Health Education. General and dimensional score percentages were described as median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. Results: The general median was 77.1%, higher for Health Education (100,0%) and Refrigeration (86.7%), and lower for Special Immunobiologicals (50.0%) and General Organization (58.3%). Conclusion: The use of the checklist allowed the diagnosis in different Brazilian macro-regions, with intra and inter-regional differences being found in the dimensions, and in general presenting positive results and opportunities for improvement.

Objetivo: Describir el diagnóstico de salas de vacunación en unidades básicas de salud en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos secundários de una muestra por conveniencia de 25 salas. Se utilizaron los resultados de un checklist adaptado del Instrumento de Supervisión de Salas de Vacunación del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones 2019, presentando dimensiones: Organización General, Aspectos Generales, Procedimientos Técnicos, Cadena de Frío, Sistema de Información, Eventos Adversos Post-Vacunación (AEPV), Inmunobiológicos Especiales, Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Educación para la Salud. Los porcentajes generales y de dimensiones se describieron como mediana, rango intercuartil, valores mínimo y máximo. Resultados: La mediana de cumplimiento general fue 77,1%, mayor para Educación en Salud (100,0%) y Cadena de Frío (86,7%), y menor para Inmunobiológicos Especiales (50,0%) y Organización General (58,3%). Conclusión: El checklist permitió el diagnóstico en diferentes macroregiones brasileñas, encontrándose diferencias intra e interregionales, y em general presentando resultados positivos y oportunidades de mejora.

Objetivo: Descrever o diagnóstico de salas de vacinação de unidades básicas de saúde do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, sobre dados secundários de amostra de conveniência de 25 salas. Foram utilizados resultados de checklist adaptada do Instrumento de Supervisão em Sala de Vacinação, do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em 2019, nas dimensões 'organização geral', 'aspectos gerais', 'procedimentos técnicos', 'rede de frio', 'sistema de informação', 'eventos adversos pós-vacinação', 'imunobiológicos especiais', 'vigilância epidemiológica' e 'educação em saúde'. Percentuais de pontuação geral e das dimensões foram descritos em mediana, intervalo interquartil, valores mínimo e máximo. Resultados: A mediana geral foi de 77,1%, maior para 'educação em saúde' (100,0%) e 'rede de frio' (86,7%), e menor para 'imunobiológicos especiais' (50,0%) e 'organização geral' (58,3%). Conclusão: A utilização da checklist permitiu o diagnóstico em diferentes macrorregiões, sendo encontradas diferenças inter e intraregionais nas dimensões; e no plano geral, resultados positivos e oportunidades de melhoria.

Effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on infant up-to-date and timely vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes are one of the strategies to increase vaccination coverage among underprivileged families by conditioning cash transfer to the up-to-date immunisation of children. However, there are gaps in knowledge of its impact on vaccination at the recommended age (timely). METHODS: We performed two cross-sectional analyses of secondary data from a retrospective cohort, at the landmark ages of 12 and 24 months, to assess the effect of the Brazilian CCT on the up-to-date and timely vaccination in children born between 2014 and 2016 and resident in the city of Araraquara, São Paulo (Southeast Brazil). The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to balance two pre-defined groups (beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries) according to the profile of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: From a total of 7386 children within the cohort, 22.2% (1636) were from beneficiary families of the CCT. After the pairing by PSM, the final sample size included in the analyses was 1440 for each group. We found higher up-to-date vaccination coverage, at 12 (92.1%, 95% CI=90.6% to 93.5%) and 24 months (83.8%, 95% CI=81.8% to 85.7%), among the CCT beneficiaries compared with the non-beneficiaries (85.1%, 95% CI=83.2% to 86.9% at 12 months and 73.6%, 95% CI=71.2% to 75.8% at 24 months). The coverage of timely vaccination did not statistically differ between beneficiaries (41.5%, 95% CI=38.9% to 44.1% and 17.4%, 95% CI=15.4% to 19.4%) and non-beneficiaries (40.7%, 95% CI=38.1% to 43.3% and 17.1%, 95% CI=15.2% to 19.1%) at 12 and 24 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study highlights a positive effect of the CCT on vaccination coverage of the up-to-date infant vaccination schedule. However, there was no difference in timely vaccination.

Diagnóstico das salas de vacinação em unidades básicas de saúde brasileiras participantes do projeto PlanificaSUS, 2019 / Diagnóstico de salas de vacunación en unidades básicas de salud brasileñas participantes del proyecto PlanificaSUS, 2019 / Diagnosis of vaccination rooms in Brazilian primary health care centers taking part in the PlanificaSUS project, 2019 PlanificaSUS, 2019

Objetivo: Descrever o diagnóstico de salas de vacinação de unidades básicas de saúde do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados secundários de amostra de conveniência de 25 salas. Foram utilizados resultados de checklist adaptada do Instrumento de Supervisão em Sala de Vacinação, do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em 2019, nas dimensões 'organização geral', 'aspectos gerais', 'procedimentos técnicos', 'rede de frio', 'sistema de informação', 'eventos adversos pós-vacinação', 'imunobiológicos especiais', 'vigilância epidemiológica' e 'educação em saúde'. Percentuais de pontuação geral e das dimensões foram descritos em mediana, intervalo interquartil, valores mínimo e máximo. Resultados: A mediana geral foi de 77,1%, maior para 'educação em saúde' (100,0%) e 'rede de frio' (86,7%), e menor para 'imunobiológicos especiais' (50,0%) e 'organização geral' (58,3%). Conclusão: A utilização da checklist permitiu o diagnóstico em diferentes macrorregiões, sendo encontradas diferenças inter e intrarregionais nas dimensões; e, no plano geral, resultados positivos e oportunidades de melhoria.

Objetivo: Describir el diagnóstico de salas de vacunación en unidades básicas de salud en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos secundarios de una muestra por conveniencia de 25 salas. Se utilizaron los resultados de un checklist adaptado del Instrumento de Supervisión de Salas de Vacunación del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones 2019, presentando las dimensiones 'organización general', 'aspectos generales', 'procedimientos técnicos', 'red de frío', 'sistema de información', 'eventos adversos post-vacunación', 'inmunobiológicos especiales', 'vigilancia epidemiológica' y 'educación para la salud'. Los porcentajes generales y de dimensiones se describieron como mediana, rango intercuartil, valores mínimo y máximo. Resultados: La mediana de cumplimiento general fue 77,1%, mayor para 'educación en salud' (100,0%) y 'red de frío' (86,7%), y menor para Inmunobiológicos 'especiales' (50,0%) y 'organización general' (58,3%). Conclusión: El checklist permitió el diagnóstico en diferentes macrorregiones brasileñas, encontrándose diferencias intra e interregionales y en general, presentando resultados positivos y oportunidades de mejora.

Objective: To describe the diagnosis of vaccination rooms in primary healthcare centers in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data of convenience sampling comprised of 25 rooms. Results of a checklist adapted from the Vaccine Room Supervision Tool of the National Immunization Program in 2019 regarding the dimensions 'general organization', 'general aspects', 'technical procedures', 'cold chain', 'information system', 'adverse events following vaccination', 'special immunobiological agents', 'epidemiological surveillance' and 'health education', were used. Percentages of scores, both overall and by dimensions were described in median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. Results: The overall median was 77.1%, higher for 'health education' (100.0%) and 'cold chain' (86.7%), and lower for 'special immunobiological agents' (50.0%) and 'general organization' (58.3%). Conclusion: Using the checklist enabled the diagnosis in different macro-regions, inter- and intra-regional differences were found in the dimensions, and positive results and opportunities for improvement in the general plan.

Efeito de um programa de transferência condicionada de renda na vacinação infantil em um município de médio porte / Effect of a conditional cash transfer program on childhood vaccination in a medium-sized municipality

Introdução: A vacinação é uma das intervenções mais custo-efetivas no controle de doenças infecciosas. O esquema vacinal infantil atualizado é uma das condicionalidades para recebimento do benefício no programa de transferência condicionada de renda (PTCR), logo se espera que entre beneficiários haja alta cobertura vacinal. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito de um PTCR na vacinação infantil em Araraquara, São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com dados secundários abrangendo duas análises transversais sobre o esquema vacinal, atualizado e oportuno, e fatores associados, aos 12 e 24 meses de idade, de nascidos e residentes em Araraquara entre 2014 e . As bases de dados foram relacionadas por meio de técnica probabilística. Foi utilizado o Propensity Score Matching para definição de grupo beneficiário e não beneficiário do PTCR. Posteriormente, foram comparadas as coberturas vacinais atualizadas e oportunas no 12º e 24º meses de vida. Resultados: Da amostra de .386 indivíduos, 22% das famílias eram beneficiárias do PTCR. Após o pareamento pelo escore de propensão de 1.440 beneficiários com 1.440 não beneficiários, foi possível verificar que coberturas vacinais do esquema atualizado aos 12 e 24 meses eram mais elevadas entre os beneficiários (92,1% e 83,8%) em relação aos não beneficiários (85,1% e 73,6%). Já as coberturas vacinais do esquema oportuno não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos, sendo cerca de 41% aos 12 meses e 17% aos 24 meses. Fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de uso e acesso a serviços de saúde foram associados à vacinação de menores de dois anos e ao recebimento do PTCR. Conclusões: O estudo apresenta efeito positivo do programa de transferência condicionada de renda na cobertura do esquema vacinal atualizado infantil. No entanto, não houve diferença na vacinação na idade recomendada. Como estratégia para a melhoria da cobertura vacinal oportuna sugere-se o fortalecimento do vínculo dos serviços de atenção primária com a comunidade e ampliação do uso de sistemas informatizados de imunização para a busca ativa de crianças em idade para vacinar e convocação de faltosos.

Introduction: Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective interventions in the control of infectious diseases. Since the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program requires children to be up-to-date on vaccination schedule, hence, high immunization coverage is expected among those enrolled. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of the CCT on childhood vaccination in the municipality of Araraquara, Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study with secondary data analysis covering two cross-sectional assessments of the vaccination schedule (i.e. up-to-date and timeliness) and associated factors, at 12 and 24 months of age, in residents born between 2014 and 2016. Probabilistic record linkage of databases was performed. Propensity score matching was used to define groups of the CCT beneficiary and non-beneficiary. Subsequently, up-to-date and timely vaccination coverage in the 12th and 24th months of age were compared. Results: From 7,386 individuals, 22% of families were beneficiaries of the CCT. After matching the propensity score of 1,440 beneficiaries with 1,440 non-beneficiaries, it was verified that the up-to-date vaccination schedule coverage at 12 and 24 months was higher among beneficiaries (92.1% and 83.8%) compared to non-beneficiaries (85.1% and 73.6%). Timely vaccination schedule coverage did not differ between groups, being around 4 % at 12 months and 17% at 24 months. Demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as access to and use of health services factors were associated with the vaccination of children under two years old and with the receipt of the CCT. Conclusions: The study shows positive effect of the CCT on up-to-date vaccination schedule coverage for children at 12 and 24 months old. However, there was no difference in timely vaccination schedule coverage. As a strategy to improve timely immunization, our results highlight the importance of strengthening the link between primary care services and the local communities, in addition to expanding the use of immunization information systems for the active search of children requiring vaccination and to support strategies to manage potential absenteeism.